There he crowned him with his own hands as co-emperor and sent him back to Aquitaine. He then spent the autumn hunting before returning to Aachen on 1 November. In January, he fell ill with pleurisy. He took to his bed on 21 January and as Einhard tells it: He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o'clock in the morning, after partaking of the Holy Communion, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-seventh of his reign.
He was buried on the day of his death, in Aachen Cathedral, although the cold weather and the nature of his illness made such a hurried burial unnecessary. A later story, told by Otho of Lomello, Count of the Palace at Aachen in the time of Otto III, would claim that he and Emperor Otto had discovered Charlemagne's tomb: the emperor, they claimed, was seated upon a throne, wearing a crown and holding a sceptre, his flesh almost entirely incorrupt. In , Frederick I re-opened the tomb again, and placed the emperor in a sarcophagus beneath the floor of the cathedral.
In Frederick II would re-inter him in a casket made of gold and silver. Charlemagne's death greatly affected many of his subjects, particularly those of the literary clique who had surrounded him at Aachen. O Christ, you who govern the heavenly host, grant a peaceful place to Charles in your kingdom. Alas for miserable me. His empire lasted only another generation in its entirety; its division, according to custom, between Louis's own sons after their father's death laid the foundation for the modern states of France and Germany.
Charles "Martel" the Hammer de France Statute of Charlemagne, Notre-Dame, Paris. In , when Charlemagne was 26, he and his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks.
In Carloman died, and Charlemagne became sole ruler of the kingdom. At that time the Franks were falling back intobarbarian ways, neglecting their education and religion. The Saxons of northern Europe were still pagans.
In thesouth, the Roman Catholic church was asserting its power to recover land confiscated by the Lombard kingdom of Italy. Europe was in turmoil. It was falling into decay when Charlemagne became joint king of the Franks in Except in the monasteries,people had all but forgotten education and the arts.
Boldly Charlemagne conquered barbarians and kings alike. Byrestoring the roots of learning and order, he preserved many political rights and revived culture. Charlemagne'sgrandfather was Charles Martel, the warrior who crushed the Saracens. Charlemagne was the elder son of Bertrade "Bertha Greatfoot" and Pepin the Short, first "mayor of the palace" to become king of the Franks.
Although schoolshad almost disappeared in the 8th century, historians believe that Bertrade gave young Charles some education and thathe learned to read. His devotion to the church motivated him throughout life. Charlemagne was tall, powerful, andtireless.
His secretary, Eginhard, wrote that Charlemagne had fair hair and a "face laughing and merry. His tastes were simple andmoderate. He delighted in hunting, riding, and swimming. He wore the Frankish dress--linen shirt and breeches, asilk-fringed tunic, hose wrapped with bands, and, in winter, a tight coat of otter or marten skins. Over all thesegarments "he flung a blue cloak, and he always had a sword girt about him.
In an age when the usual penalty for defeat was death, Charlemagne several times spared the lives of his defeatedfoes; yet in at Verden, after a Saxon uprising, he ordered 4, Saxons beheaded.
He compelled the clergy andnobles to reform, but he divorced two of his four wives without any cause. He forced kings and princes to kneel at hisfeet, yet his mother and his two favorite wives often overruled him in his own household.
Charlemagne Begins His Reign Charlemagne was determined to strengthen his realm and to bring order to Europe. In he launched a yearcampaign that conquered and Christianized the powerful pagan Saxons in the north. The best guesses include April 1 , , after April 15 , , or April 1 , Arguably the founder of the Frankish Empire in Western Europe , Charlemagne was the elder son of Pepin the Short — September 24 , , reigned — and his wife Bertrada of Laon — July 12 , ; he was the brother of the Lady Bertha mother of Roland.
On the death of Pepin the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman Carloman ruled Austrasia. Carloman died on the 5th of December , , leaving Charlemagne the leader of a reunified Frankish kingdom. Charlemagne was engaged in almost constant battle throughout his reign. He conquered Saxony in the 8th century , a goal that had been the unattainable dream of Augustus. It took Charlemagne more than 18 battles to win this victory.
He proceeded to force Catholicism on the conquered, slaughtering those who refused to convert. He dreamed of the reconquest of Spain , but never fully succeeded in this goal.
In ? See History of elephants in Europe. While this title helped to make western Europe independent of Constantinople , Charlemagne did not use the title until much later, as he feared it would create dependence on the Pope. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne did away with the monetary system based on the gold sou. Both he and King Offa of Mercia took up the system set in place by Pepin. He set up a new standard, the livre i.
During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units, only the denier was a coin of the realm. Charlemagne applied the system to much of the European Continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. Charlemagne organized his empire into counties, each led by an appointed count.
Counts served as judges, administrators, and enforced capitularies. To enforce loyalty, he set up the system of Missi Dominici, meaning 'Envoys of the Lord. When Charlemagne died in , he was buried in his own Cathedral at Aachen. In ? See History of elephants in Europe. While this title helped to make western Europe independent of Constantinople, Charlemagne did not use the title until much later, as he feared it would create dependence on the Pope.
Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne did away with the monetary system based on the gold sou. Both he and King Offa of Mercia took up the system set in place by Pippin. He set up a new standard, the livre i. During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units, only the denier was a coin of the realm. Charlemagne applied the system to much of the European Continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. Autograph of Charlemagne Enlarge Autograph of Charlemagne Charlemagne organized his empire into counties, each led by an appointed count.
Counts served as judges, administrators, and enforced capitularies. To enforce loyalty, he set up the system of Missi Dominici, meaning 'Envoys of the Lord. Europe at the death of Charles The Great Enlarge Europe at the death of Charles The Great When Charlemagne died in , he was buried in his own Cathedral at Aachen. He was succeeded by his only son to survive him, Louis the Pious, after whose reign the empire was divided between his three surviving sons according to Frankish tradition.
These three kingdoms would be the foundations of later France and the Holy Roman Empire. After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high quality English coin until about It is difficult to understand Charlemagne's attitude toward his daughters. None of them contracted a sacramental marriage. This may have been an attempt to control the number of potential alliances. After his death the surviving daughters entered or were forced to enter monasteries.
At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognized relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle. Cultural significance Charlemagne's reign is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art and architecture.
Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. Charlemagne enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture.
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