Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work. President Michael Dimock explains why. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research.
Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Newsletters Donate My Account. With the assistance of external intervention, dictatorship was removed in the quest for democracy. Now, six years since the removal of Qaddafi, the Libyan people are still struggling to rebuild their political stability and produce a national identity.
In order to undertake a process of national reconciliation to secure a successful transition to stability, the country must overcome a number of major challenges. The nation-wide survey conducted by the National Democratic Institute indicated a general sense of optimism within Libya to improve political stability and increase national security in the post-Qaddafi era.
Foreign powers — particularly European, American and Middle-Eastern governments — will continue to maintain interest in establishing security within Libya, as long as the country continues to supply oil to the international market.
In Benghazi, the struggle created new space for extremists by making allies of disparate Islamist militias whom Hifter had lumped together.
Worse, the fighting has taken on a vicious, communal quality between families and neighborhoods. Forced displacement, torture and summary executions are widespread on both sides. Amid personal and tribal divisions, the Dignity campaign has stalled.
The Islamic State has seized on the vacuum to implant itself in Sirte, in surrounding towns in the so-called oil crescent, some neighborhoods in Benghazi, the environs of Derna, and Sabratha and Tripoli in the west. Fortified by an influx of foreign fighters and defectors from Ansar al-Sharia, it seems determined to disrupt the formation of the new government by cutting off oil revenue and attacking its fledgling security forces.
The Dignity and Dawn fighting has enabled its spread; each side seems more focused on the other, and each has cynically accused the other of collusion with the Islamic State. Under great pressure from the West and their respective regional backers, representatives from the two sides recently signed a U. But the new government faces enormous political and security challenges in taking office in Tripoli and exerting its authority.
Another is the fragmentation and devolution of power within the Dawn and Dignity camps, so much so that they exist in name only. This not only opens door for spoilers and rejectionists, it complicates U. It simply does not exist. This article originally appeared at the Washington Post. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author s and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees.
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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center. Programs Projects Regions Blogs Podcasts. February 17, Washington Post. Summary: A confluence of fateful missteps during and after the revolution set Libya on a downward spiral that will probably take years to reverse.
A myriad of democratic sub-types exist, including constitutional democracy, green democracy, demarchy, illiberal democracy, industrial democracy, and more. In fact, one scholar identified more than different variations of democracy. What's more, the majority of these classifications overlap with one another. For example, the United States is a representative democracy because most decisions are made not by the people themselves, but by representatives who act on the people's behalf.
It is also an electoral democracy because those representatives are selected in elections, a presidential democracy because the head of government is also the head of state and leader of the executive branch, and a constitutional democracy because its fundamental principles and laws are guided by a constitution which some argue makes the U. There are multiple theories about what specific elements are required for a government to qualify as a democracy.
For example, in preparing its annual Democracy Index , the Economist Intelligence Unit scores each of the world's countries in five distinct categories—which we can examine to determine several of the Economist's democratic wish list:.
Stanford University political scientist Larry Diamond has a similar list , maintaining that any democracy must include four key elements:. Finally, the Museum of Australian Democracy also teaches that all liberal democracies are based upon four main principles:.
The index measures the state of democracy in of the world's countries by tracking 60 indicators in five different categories: electoral process and pluralism, functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties. The indicators are combined to give each category a rating on a 0 to 10 scale, and the five category scores are averaged to determine the overall index score.
Countries with a total Democracy Index score between 8. Those whose score lands between 6.
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